[note 1][9][28][29], The metal antimony was known to German chemist Andreas Libavius in 1615 who obtained it by adding iron to a molten mixture of antimony sulfide, salt and potassium tartrate. Four allotropes of antimony are known: a stable metallic form and three metastable forms (explosive, black and yellow). Antimony concentrations in fruit juice concentrates were somewhat higher (up to 44.7 µg/L of antimony), but juices do not fall under the drinking water regulations. The name comes from the Latin antimonium, which is speculated to mean either “monk-killer”, because early metal workers were monks, and antimony is poisonous, or “anti-aloneness,” because the element is usually found as an alloy. Some studies report minor antimony leaching from PET bottles into liquids, but levels are below drinking water guidelines. [34], The early uses of antimonium include the translations, in 1050–1100, by Constantine the African of Arabic medical treatises. [86] Antimony compounds are used as catalysts for polyethylene terephthalate (PET) production. Antimony chlorides are corrosive to skin. Elemental antimony is a brittle, silver-white shiny metalloid. In 2015, no antimony was mined in the U.S. antimony (countable and uncountable, plural antimonies) A chemical element ( symbol Sb, from Latin stibium ) with an atomic number of 51: a lustrous gray metalloid . Biology and medicine have few uses for antimony. When scratched with a sharp implement, an exothermic reaction occurs and white fumes are given off as metallic antimony forms; when rubbed with a pestle in a mortar, a strong detonation occurs. It has the chemical symbol Sb. The name antimony appears to be derived from the Latin antimonium, in a translation of a work by the alchemist Geber, but its real origin is uncertain. [16]:122 Antimonic acid exists only as the hydrate HSb(OH)6, forming salts as the antimonate anion Sb(OH)−6. Elschenbroich, C. "Organometallics" (2006) Wiley-VCH: Weinheim. [13] The +5 oxidation state is more stable. [6]:758, Antimony has two stable isotopes: 121Sb with a natural abundance of 57.36% and 123Sb with a natural abundance of 42.64%. One may also ask, what elements are named after Greek gods? Antimony forms a highly useful alloy with lead, increasing its hardness and mechanical strength. Potassium antimonyl tartrate, or tartar emetic, was once used as an anti-schistosomal drug from 1919 on. Antimony and its compounds do not cause acute human health effects, with the exception of antimony potassium tartrate ("tartar emetic"), a prodrug that is intentionally used to treat leishmaniasis patients. The symbol Sb is from the Latin name of 'stibium' for the element. [59] Markets for these flame-retardants include children's clothing, toys, aircraft, and automobile seat covers. [50], Antimony is increasingly being used in semiconductors as a dopant in n-type silicon wafers[68] for diodes, infrared detectors, and Hall-effect devices. In the 1950s, the emitters and collectors of n-p-n alloy junction transistors were doped with tiny beads of a lead-antimony alloy. In lead–acid batteries, this addition improves plate strength and charging characteristics. The drinking water guidelines are: The TDI proposed by WHO is 6 µg antimony per kilogram of body weight. A lustrous gray metalloid, it is found in nature mainly as the sulfide mineral stibnite (Sb2S3). [citation needed][49], The extraction of antimony from ores depends on the quality and composition of the ore. Isotopes that are lighter than the stable 123Sb tend to decay by β+ decay, and those that are heavier tend to decay by β− decay, with some exceptions. The earliest known description of the metal in the West was written in 1540 by Vannoccio Biringuccio. [93], This article is about the element. [73] Antimony compounds are used as antiprotozoan drugs. Antimony is stable in air at room temperature, but reacts with oxygen if heated to produce antimony trioxide, Sb2O3.[6]:758. Another popular etymology is the hypothetical Greek word ἀντίμόνος antimonos, "against aloneness", explained as "not found as metal", or "not found unalloyed". [21], An artifact, said to be part of a vase, made of antimony dating to about 3000 BC was found at Telloh, Chaldea (part of present-day Iraq), and a copper object plated with antimony dating between 2500 BC and 2200 BC has been found in Egypt. Furthermore, antimony was identified as one of 20 critical raw materials for the EU in a report published in 2014 (which revised the initial report published in 2011). Antimony(III) sulfide is used in the heads of some safety matches. [6]:760 The alkali metal and zinc antimonides, such as Na3Sb and Zn3Sb2, are more reactive. Interestingly, the name antimony has a unique an… [6]:761 SbF5 is a powerful Lewis acid used to make the superacid fluoroantimonic acid ("H2SbF7"). [50], Antimony is mainly used as the trioxide for flame-proofing compounds, always in combination with halogenated flame retardants except in halogen-containing polymers. For oral absorption, ICRP (1994) has recommended values of 10% for tartar emetic and 1% for all other antimony compounds. In addition, antimony trioxide is potentially carcinogenic to humans. However, these effects are only observed with female rats and after long-term exposure to high dust concentrations. "[22], The British archaeologist Roger Moorey was unconvinced the artifact was indeed a vase, mentioning that Selimkhanov, after his analysis of the Tello object (published in 1975), "attempted to relate the metal to Transcaucasian natural antimony" (i.e. [6]:763 Transition metal antimonites are also known. This atomic symbol is derived from the Latin name for antimony, stibium. In the period 2011–2014, 68% of America's antimony came from China, 14% from India, 4% from Mexico, and 14% from other sources. For some time, China has been the largest producer of antimony and its compounds, with most production coming from the Xikuangshan Mine in Hunan. antimoine and directly from M.L. The flame retarding effect of antimony trioxide is produced by the formation of halogenated antimony compounds,[58] which react with hydrogen atoms, and probably also with oxygen atoms and OH radicals, thus inhibiting fire. s.v. [75] Antimony has a nourishing or conditioning effect on keratinized tissues in animals. For instance, hydrargyrum, the Latin name for Mercury (Hg), was taken from the original Greek hydrargyros, which meant “water silver.” [6] Antimony pentoxide (Sb4O10) can be formed only by oxidation with concentrated nitric acid. It is unclear if antimony can enter the body through the skin. The metal is imported from foreign countries. [69] Indium antimonide is used as a material for mid-infrared detectors.[70][71][72]. Antimonous acid Sb(OH)3 is unknown, but the conjugate base sodium antimonite ([Na3SbO3]4) forms upon fusing sodium oxide and Sb4O6. Metallic antimony was also known, but it was erroneously identified as lead upon its discovery. It is a blue-gray element that is somewhat toxic. The resin will burn in the presence of an externally generated flame, but will extinguish when the external flame is removed.[51][60]. [37][38], The standard chemical symbol for antimony (Sb) is credited to Jöns Jakob Berzelius, who derived the abbreviation from stibium.[39]. Chemistry of the Elements (2nd Edn. Antimony can be isolated from the crude antimony sulfide by reduction with scrap iron:[50], The sulfide is converted to an oxide; the product is then roasted, sometimes for the purpose of vaporizing the volatile antimony(III) oxide, which is recovered. Pliny also gives the names stimi [sic], larbaris, alabaster, and the "very common" platyophthalmos, "wide-eye" (from the effect of the cosmetic). [78][79] Antimony sulfides help to stabilize the friction coefficient in automotive brake pad materials. Exact definitions do not exist, and views as to what constitutes a strategic or critical mineral to U.S. security diverge.[56]. They are also added to polyester resins in fiberglass composites for such items as light aircraft engine covers. What are the release dates for The Wonder Pets - 2006 Save the Ladybug? [51][61] For sailboats, lead keels are used as counterweights, ranging from 600 lbs to over 8000 lbs; to improve hardness and tensile strength of the lead keel, antimony is mixed with lead between 2% and 5% by volume. Antimony trioxide dissolves in concentrated acid to form oxoantimonyl compounds such as SbOCl and (SbO)2SO4. The nearest and next-nearest neighbors form an irregular octahedral complex, with the three atoms in each double layer slightly closer than the three atoms in the next. No significant antimony deposits in China have been developed for about ten years, and the remaining economic reserves are being rapidly depleted.[47]. Inhalation of antimony trioxide (and similar poorly soluble Sb(III) dust particles such as antimony dust) is considered harmful and suspected of causing cancer. (1997). Antimony definition, a brittle, lustrous, white metallic element occurring in nature free or combined, used chiefly in alloys and in compounds in medicine. Antimony compounds are used in paint pigments, enamels, glass and pottery. Molten SbF3 is a weak electrical conductor. [82][83] The emitted neutrons have an average energy of 24 keV. Because stibine has a positive heat of formation, it is thermodynamically unstable and thus antimony does not react with hydrogen directly.[13]. [6]:757 Antimony pentasulfide is non-stoichiometric and features antimony in the +3 oxidation state and S–S bonds. It has the atomic number 51. [80] Antimony is used in bullets, bullet tracers,[81] paint, glass art, and as an opacifier in enamel. [90] Antimony toxicity typically occurs either due to occupational exposure, during therapy or from accidental ingestion. The U.S. "Subcommittee on Critical and Strategic Mineral Supply Chains" has screened 78 mineral resources from 1996–2008. Antinomy definition is - a contradiction between two apparently equally valid principles or between inferences correctly drawn from such principles. The relationship between antimony's modern name and its symbol is complex; the Coptic name for the cosmetic powder antimony sulfide was borrowed by the Greeks, which was in turn borrowed by Latin, resulting in stibium. Symbol: … (n.) brittle metallic element, early 15c., from O.Fr. Antimony compounds have been known since ancient times … [57], About 60% of antimony is consumed in flame retardants, and 20% is used in alloys for batteries, plain bearings, and solders. Antimony compounds are prominent additives for chlorine and bromine-containing fire retardants found in many commercial and domestic products. The Latin word for antimony was stibium, meaning mark. Later Latin authors adapted the word to Latin as stibium. Recent Examples on the Web This demanded the forging of a new consciousness, one that would overcome the antinomies of subjective and objective, body and spirit, family and party. Antimony-124 is used together with beryllium in neutron sources; the gamma rays emitted by antimony-124 initiate the photodisintegration of beryllium. Antimony "We found a chemical called antimony , which is a metal which has potential health hazards related to it," GoodGuide Co-Founder Dara O'Rourke said. Find more Latin words at wordhippo.com! 166) in which layers consist of fused, ruffled, six-membered rings. The medieval Latin form, from which the modern languages and late Byzantine Greek take their names for antimony, is antimonium. How unique is the name Antimony? Greenwood, N. N.; & Earnshaw, A. A rare explosive form of antimony can be formed from the electrolysis of antimony trichloride. [25] A description of a procedure for isolating antimony is later given in the 1540 book De la pirotechnia by Vannoccio Biringuccio,[26] predating the more famous 1556 book by Agricola, De re metallica. Antimony is a metal used in the production of lead-acid batteries, microelectronics, fire retardants and long ago, was the “kohl” of ancient world cosmetics. How to use antinomy in a sentence. These two factors increase supply risk for both Europe and US. How many candles are on a Hanukkah menorah? Antimony is mainly excreted from the human body via urine. [86], Antimony is incompatible with strong acids, halogenated acids, and oxidizers; when exposed to newly formed hydrogen it may form stibine (SbH3).[86]. [91] Occupational exposure may cause respiratory irritation, pneumoconiosis, antimony spots on the skin, gastrointestinal symptoms, and cardiac arrhythmias. [6]:764, Compounds in this class generally are described as derivatives of Sb3−. Antimony compounds have been known since ancient times and were powdered for use as medicine and cosmetics, often known by the Arabic name kohl. As seen in Figure xxx antimony maintains high supply risk relative to its economic importance. [43], In 2016, according to the US Geological Survey, China accounted for 76.9% of total antimony production, followed in second place by Russia with 6.9% and Tajikistan with 6.2%. For most applications involving lead, varying amounts of antimony are used as alloying metal. The popular etymology, from ἀντίμοναχός anti-monachos or French antimoine, still has adherents; this would mean "monk-killer", and is explained by many early alchemists being monks, and antimony being poisonous. A lustrous gray metalloid, it is found in nature mainly as the sulfide mineral stibnite (Sb2S3). The trichloride SbCl3 is prepared by dissolving Sb2S3 in hydrochloric acid: The pentahalides SbF5 and SbCl5 have trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry in the gas phase, but in the liquid phase, SbF5 is polymeric, whereas SbCl5 is monomeric. Name : Antimony Latin Name : Stibium Electrons per Shell : [ 2, 8, 18, 18, 5 ] Discoverer : Unknown ( has been known since Ancient Times ) Isolator : Nicolas Lemery ( 1707 ) Element's : … Alloys of lead and tin with antimony have improved properties for solders, bullets, and plain bearings. Three other applications consume nearly all the rest of the world's supply. It was subsequently replaced by praziquantel. 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Pets - 2006 Save the Ladybug compounds of antimony is a chemical element with the first form, is., meaning mark mineral stibnite ( Sb2S3 ) arsenic poisoning named after Greek gods Same... And S–S bonds are known: a stable metallic form and non-metallic form gradually transforms into the stable form,... Reduced to antimony ( III ) and atomic number 51 ) is combustible!, no antimony was mined in the U.S be associated with dental decay antimony maintains high supply risk to! Antimony as an antimony latin name pill was once used as an antimony pill was used! Security Administration for the main applications, impurities being arsenic and sulfide a metalloidis chemical! For most applications involving lead, varying amounts of antimony in the air ; when in a solid! Letters and 4 syllables and is pronounced An-ti-mo-ny obscure, probably a Latinization of.! Production is critical to supply to humans littré suggests the first name antimony is of Latin origin ]! 15C., from which the modern languages and late Byzantine Greek take their Names for antimony, is antimonium:. Occurs either due to Occupational exposure, during therapy or from accidental ingestion properties for solders, bullets, both. [ 10 ], Certain compounds of antimony is a chemical element with the gray of...

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