Though the Ottoman Empire persisted for 600 years, it succumbed to what most historians describe as a long, slow decline, despite efforts to modernize. The Safavids gave up on the smart way of doing that and there is a lesson there for empires in general." CAUSES OF THE DOWNFALL OF MUGHAL EMPIRE BACKGROUND The downfall of the mughal empire can be attributed to two major factors: 1) Weaknesses of the mughals 2) Strength of the East India Company. Shah Jahn killed his brother. Aurangzeb was neither weak nor degenerate. His religious regulations became painful to Hindus. Lack of finance made it difficult to maintain a large number of army. PreserveArticles.com: Preserving Your Articles for Eternity. The Mughal state in the days of Akbar, Jahangir, and Shahjahan was basically a secular state. Irfan Habib has emphasised on the ‘agrarian crisis’ which led to the decline of the Empire. India was primarily a land of the Hindus. Therefore, no group or class of people in the country was interested in maintaining the unity of the country and the Empire. He was defeated and exiled to Rangoon where he died. What economic factors led to the decline and fall of the Gupta Empire? The weakness of the king could have been successfully overcome and covered up by an alert, efficient, and loyal nobility. There were numerous reasons that led to the fall of such a great dynasty. Aurangzeb was a strong contributing factor to the decline of the Mughal empire. What are the main causes for the Downfall of the Mughal Empire in India? Consequently, each time a ruler died, a war of succession between the brothers for the throne started. Question 1. Q41. It's a balancing act. Recent articles reiterate a standard set of tensions: those between monarch, military and service nobles (mansabdars), landholders (zamindars), and peasants. If you want to run an empire, there is a toolkit. What led to the decline of the Ottoman, Mughal, and Safavid empires? As the Mughal empire became very vast, it was difficult for the Mughal rulers to control distant parts of the empire. Decline of Mughal Empire Victory of Babur in the First Battle of Panipat against Ibrahim Lodi in 1526 marked the advent of Mughal Empire in India. Dr. Bipan Chandra has contended that the absence of political nationalism among the people was an important socio-political cause of the downfall of the Mughal Empire. At first, Shah Ismail, the founder of the Safavid dynasty, tried to convert members of the Ottoman Empire into Shiites. The military weakness became a potential cause of the decline of the Mughals Empire. Also, his Deccan policy was a complete failure. Mughal Empire faced crisis caused by a number of factors towards the end of the seventeenth century. It's a balancing act. But, in reality, they ruled their provinces like independent kingdoms. Attacks by Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali, which were themselves the consequences of the weakness of the Empire, drained the Empire of its wealth, ruined its trade and industry in the North, and almost destroyed its military power. What factors led to the fall of the Mughal empire in India? In order to increase emperors’ power, prestige, and income, the nobles formed groups and factions against each other and even against the king. Wars of Succession: The Mughals did not follow any law of succession like the law of primogeniture. But Aurangzeb reversed his system. Surat, which was an important trade center during the Mughal period, began to decline towards the end of the seventeenth century. Aurangzeb’s religious policy weakened the foundation of the empire. It had significant achievements to boast about, culturally as well as economically. 91 - 100 of 500 . Independence of Provincial Rulers: Under the later Mughals, the bigger subhas, or provinces virtually became independent. Some dream of independence. 2. Aurangzeb inherited a large empire, yet he adopted a policy of extending it further to the farthest geographical limits in the south at … In reality, the existing means of communication and the economic and political structure of the country made it difficult to establish a stable centralized administration over all parts of the country. The economic stability of the empire was ruined because of the constant wars. Internal and External Factors Influencing Management. Ask for details ; Follow Report by Inezaolivia25 25.09.2019 Log in to add a comment This exposed the weakness of the […] After Aurangzeb’s death in 1707, the empire declined rapidly and the Mughals lost control over many of their provinces. The Mughal Empire flourished under the Great Mughals, the first of whom was Babur and the last Aurangzeb. The disease became more serious. Similarly, his Rajput policy proved disastrous. Mughal Empire : Slowly the regional satraps proclaimed independence against a weak Emperor. All the articles you read in this site are contributed by users like you, with a single vision to liberate knowledge. What factors led to the decline of Mughal empire. Communications were difficult. The mutual quarrels exhausted the Empire, affected its cohesion, led to its dismemberment, and, in the end, made it an easy prey to foreign conquerors. Various factors which led to the decline of Mughal Empire were: After Aurangzeb’s death, Mughal Empire saw various wars of succession which made the empire weak. It expands to its full glory under Akbar in the second half of the 16 th Century. If the Emperor’s person declined or his policy turned wrong, the Empire was bound to suffer. The Mughal Empire, 1526–1761 The significance of Mughal rule. Ans. But degeneration gradually set in . Besides this, the Mughal rulers spent lavishly on buildings and monuments. More unworthy men were made Emperors. Mughals ruled India for almost 350 years. These later Mughal Emperor are weak and worthless. He employed them in higher services. Recent articles reiter­ The Indians did not have the ideal of living and dying for the nation. Though the Ottoman Empire persisted for 600 years, it succumbed to what most historians describe as a long, slow decline, despite efforts to modernize. The Mughal Empire at its zenith commanded resources unprecedented in Indian history and covered almost the entire subcontinent. After ruling successfully for 3 centuries, during the last decade of the 17th century- the Mughal Empire started going towards its decline phase. When rulers and the nobles became unworthy of their position, the Mughal army too became weak and inefficient. A series of foreign invasions affected Mughal Empire very badly. Or The Mughal Empire had to face a variety of crises towards the closing years of the 17th century. The Mughal Empire flourished under the Great Mughals, the first of whom was Babur and the last Aurangzeb. Aurangzeb's religious policy The Mughal Empire owes its decline and ultimate downfall to a combination of factors; firstly Aurangzeb's religious policy is regarded as a cause for the decline of the Mughal Empire as it led to disunity among the people.  Aurangzeb’s religious policy caused revolts by Rajputs, Sikhs, Jats and Marathas. the later Mughal nobility showed the worst vices of court life. The Later Mughal Rulers (1707 A.D.-1857 A.D.): Rise of independent states in the 18th century: With the decline of the Mughal Empire a number of provinces seceded from the empire and several independent states came into existence. If you want to run an empire, there is a toolkit. The decline mostly came from pressure from European trade companies, and from competition among heirs motivated by harem politics. There was deterioration and demoralisation of the Mughal army.The soldiers cared more about their personal benefits than winning the battles. The first six Mughal Emperors from Babar to Aurangzeb are described as the great Mughals. Body-Discuss in points about the reasons as to why the Mughal empire declined. After Babur many capable rulers sat on Delhi’s throne but after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 series of internal revolt and external factors led to the ultimate decline of Mughal empire in 1857. Thus, the army, the ultimate sanction of an empire, and the pride of the Great Mughals, was so weakened that it could no longer curb the ambitious chiefs and nobles or defend the Empire from foreign aggression. Wealth and power changed their character for the worst. Economic hardships grew much worse under heavy taxes and revolts were started by discontent citizens. The Inspiration, which was seen among the Jats, Bundelas, Sikhs, Rajputs and Marathas, was not seen among the Mughals. His absence from the north for long 26 years was his biggest blunder. As is the case, the historians of all hues since the 18 Century have debated the causes of the decline of Mughal Empire. In fiscal terms, the throne lost the revenues needed to pay its chief officers, the emirs (nobles) and their entourages. The provincial Government looked to the emperor for orders. This weakened the … Aurangzeb was a strong contributing factor to the decline of the Mughal empire. Many of the emperors neglected even the art of fighting. Aurangzeb’s futile but arduous campaign against the Marathas extended over many years; it drained the resources of his Empire and ruined the trade and industry of the Deccan. Some of them became too selfish. Of course, the spirit of nationalism did not exist in Europe as well at that time but the European states like France, Spain and England had grown up into str… Before publishing your Article on this site, please read the following pages: 1. And the causes which led to the breakup can be traced back to seventeenth century. He ruled at the advice of a dancing girl named Lal Kumari. Subsequently, most of them became corrupt and led a lavish lifestyle at the expense of the state treasury. A large number of energetic and able officials and brave and brilliant military commanders came into prominence during the 18th century, but most of them did not benefit the Empire because they used their talents to promote their own interests and to fight each other rather than to serve the state and society. Alliance with the Rajput rajas with the consequent military support was one of the main pillars of Mughal strength in the past, but Aurangzeb's conflict with some of the Rajput states also had serious consequences. This course covers the Ottoman, Savafid and Mughal empires, from the rise of Ottoman rule in the mid 1400’s to the dawn of modernity in the Middle East … The military weakness became a potential cause of the decline of the Mughals Empire. His successors followed that wise policy. The next emperor Jahndar Shah came to the throne by killing his three brothers. i. Aurangzeb made an attempt to reverse the secular policy by imposing the jizyah (tax imposed on non-Muslim people), destroying many of the Hindu temples in the north, and putting certain restrictions on the Hindus. rajput. Military Weakness The organisation of the Mughal army along feudal lines, the practice of taking wives, concubines and slave-girls on the battle –field and the failure of the Emperors to improve armaments and fighting tactics weakened and demoralized the Mughal army. 2 See answers Aurangzeb left the Empire with many problems unsolved, the situation was further worsened by the ruinous wars of succession, which followed his death. The condition of the Indian peasant gradually worsened during the 17th and 18th centuries. A degenerated nobility was largely responsible for the decline of the Empire. But his short-sighted attempt later to reduce the strength of the Rajput rajas and extend the imperial sway over their lands led to the withdrawal of their loyalty from the Mughal throne. The stability of the Emperor depended on the support of the people. Privacy Policy What were the causes behind it? Many ruined peasants formed roving bands of robbers and adventurers, often under the leadership of the zamindars, and thus undermined law and order and the efficiency of the Mughal administration. Worst of all, the nobility got divided into fictions. That led to the break-up and degeneration of the Empire. What led to the decline of the Mughal Empire?-Shah Jahan used heavy taxes to built monuments instead of building roads and canals for farmers Aurangzeb's religious orthodoxy and his policy towards the Hindu rulers seriously damaged the stability of the Mughal Empire. They were good fighters and advisers. As they fought rapid wars, the Empire lost its vitality quickly. The Mughal Dynasty suffered from a grave internal problem.it was the problem of succession. The fratricidal wars among the brothers were of a more serious nature. The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II (1759–1806) made futile attempts to reverse the Mughal decline but ultimately had to seek the protection of the Emir of Afghanistan, Ahmed Shah Abdali, which led to the Third Battle of Panipat between the Maratha Empire and the Afghans (led by Abdali) in 1761. Also, threats from the Ottomans and Russians added to the military threat from outside of the region. Under the later Mughals, the bigger subhas, or provinces virtually became independent. From 1556 to 1707, during the heyday of its fabulous wealth and glory, the Mughal Empire was a fairly efficient and centralized organization, with a vast complex of personnel, money, and … He came to the throne after the bloody battle with other brothers. The decline of the Mughal empire is usually considered to begin late in the reign of the emperor Aurangzib (1658–1707). Babur was the descendant of Taimur lang from father’ side and Gengis khan from his mother’s side. The Mughal nobles of earlier times formed a brave class of royal supporters. 5. It declined for various reasons. The civil wars resulted in the death of many brilliant commanders and brave and experienced solders. He was determined to avoid such a war after his death. The Mughal court consisted of four groups of nobles, the Turanis, the Iranis, the Afghans and the Indian born Muslims. Its soldiers and officers were not paid for many months, and, since they were mere mercenaries, they were constantly disaffected and often verged on a mutiny. They became lazy and luxurious. But it didn’t last. This was because of the following factors: a) Because of the decline of the Mughal Empire, Surat faced a huge loss of markets and productivity. He won over the Hindus by his liberal policies. 795. As central authority weakened, the north-western frontiers, left unprotected, attracted foreign invasions. Analyze the factors that led to the decline of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires. They could not save the Empire from rapid decline. Ans. No Emperor among the later Mughals could rule in peace. The Jats, Bundelas, and Satnamis heralded an era of unrest. Aurangzeb inherited a large empire, yet he adopted a policy of extending it further to the farthest geographical limits in the south at the great expense of men and materials. Zahiruddin Babur found the Mughal Empire in 1526 AD. But the character of the nobility had also deteriorated. What are the four causes of the fall of the Mughal Empire? Most historians of the Mughal empire currently emphasize economic factors in their attempts to locate and measure the causes of imperial decline in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century India. Decline Of The Maratha Empire ... Acting on behalf of the Mughal emperor, the Maratha army, led by ­Sadashivrao Bhau, meets the Afghans and is defeated in the Third Battle of Panipat (1761): the first big dent on what was till now an expanding Maratha power. The Americans are now supposedly in decline. Another useless man, Farrukhsiyar became a puppet in hands of two Sayyid Brothers who became the Kingmakers. In the 18th century, Maratha’s expansion in the north weakened central authority still further. Mughal Empire faced crisis caused by a number of factors towards the end of the seventeenth century. But it didn’t last. What factors led to cultural blending in Mughal India?-migration-pursuit of religious freedom or conversion-trade-conqust. During this time, the empire was under the leadership of Shah Jahan and his son. There was tension. He was free of vices common among kings and lived a simple and austere life. 3. Major Reasons for decline of Mughal Empire are THE DECLINE OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE: Edited by Meena Bhargava; Oxford University Press, YMCA Library Building, 1, Jai Singh Road, New Delhi-110001. Thousands of trained soldiers and hundreds of capable military commanders and efficient and tried officials were killed. As long as the people were loyal, the empire was strong. Beginning of the decline of the Mughal Empire can be traced to the strong rule of Aurangzeb. It also lost its power and prestige. "What Were The Internal And External Factors That Led To The Decline Of The Ottoman Mughal And Safavid Empires" Essays and Research Papers . His administrative system also started collapsing, as the governors started consolidating power in their own provinces. Akbar realized this need from the beginning of his rule. After Babur many capable rulers […] Many of them became ease-loving and fond of excessive luxury. i. However the Mughals lost their empire and their power, long before its formal abolition in 1858. T he Decline and Fall of the Safavid Empire is at NYUAD on September 14 from 6.30pm to 8pm and is open to the public. The Americans are now supposedly in decline. The following were the main causes of its decline. In the long run, the Deccan the saw the death of the Emperor as well as the decline of the Empire. The Mughal Empire owes its decline and ultimate downfall to a combination of factors; firstly Aurangzeb’s religious policy is regarded as a cause for the decline of the Mughal Empire as it led to disunity among the people. Aurangzeb revolted against Shah Jahn. Most of them spent time in plots, conspiracies, and court intrigues. Causes of decline of Mughal Empire. Gunpowder Empires Gunpowder Empires Directions: Use the power point and the internet to answer the following questions Answer all questions in ink only. Its success depend only the ability of the Emperor. The Safavid Empire began in Azerbaijan. Causes of the decline of the Mughal Empire: 1. Nobles made heavy demands on the peasants and cruelly oppressed them, often in violation of official regulations. Although the policy did lead to weakening of the empire but the major cause of decline was the lack of worthy and competent successors after him. Shah Jahan revolted against Jahangir. No empire in history is survived forever. Within a short time, Farrukhshiyar was blinded and killed pitilessly by the kingmakers. 3. Grouped as Turanis, Iranis, and Hindustanis, and they quarreled among themselves. Essay on the causes of the decline of Mughal Empire. He was too old to rule effectively, and died within five years. But by the close of the century, it had shrunk into a few kilometers in and around Delhi. The major weakness of the Mughal nobility during the 18th century lay, not in the decline in the average ability of the nobles or their moral decay, but in their selfishness and lack of devotion to the state and this, in turn, gave birth to corruption in administration and mutual bickering. The emperors helplessly saw the reduction of their territory to a very small area around Delhi. What led to the decline of the mughal empire. Aurangzeb’s religious policy caused revolts by Rajputs, Sikhs, Jats and Marathas. He was a worthless man. The Mughal empire came to an inglorious end. Aurangzeb himself had in the beginning adhered to the Rajput alliance by raising Jaswant Singh of Kamer and Jai Singh of Amber to the highest of ranks. Amicable relations with the Rajput and other Hindu nobles and chiefs were soon restored. Decline of the Mughal Empire KAREN LEONARD University of California, Irvine Most historians of the Mughal empire currently emphasize economic factors in their attempts to locate and measure the causes of imperial decline in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century India. A vacuum awaits the British. Aurangzeb's religious policy The Mughal Empire owes its decline and ultimate downfall to a combination of factors; firstly Aurangzeb's religious policy is regarded as a cause for the decline of the Mughal Empire as it led to disunity among the people. 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